History Of Islam In Indonesia

Islam began with Muhammad's teachings., At his birthplace Mecca properties that characterize this new religion developed after he moved to Medina in the year 622 AD Previously, he died ten years later, it is clear that Islam was not merely a personal religious beliefs body, but Islam include the supervision of a free society, with its own system of government, laws, and institutions first Muslim generation, have to realize that AH is an important inflection point in history. It is they who set the year 622 AD as the beginning of a new Islamic calendar.
With the government's strong, smart, and a belief that inflame the spirit of the adherents and soldiers in the not long, the new community control of the entire western Arabia and looking for new worlds to be subdued.
After a slight decline in the death of Muhammad., Waves of conquest moved quickly in the Northern and Eastern Arabia, boldly attacked the fortifications on the border of the Eastern Roman Empire in Syirq al-Ardun in Iraq and the Persian empire. South. Second generations of war-because this giant empire endlessly war-had run out of power, defeated one by one in a series of operations quickly and brilliantly. Within six years after Muhammad. died, the entire Syrian and Iraq are required to pay tribute to Madinah, and four years later joined the Egyptian Islamic empire new.
Amazing victories before, precede even greater victory would bring the Arabs in less than a century to Morocco, Spain, France, the doors of the city of Constantinople, deep into Central Asia to the Indus River, proving the nature of Islam as a strong belief, convinced of dignity and glory. This resulted in the establishment of the nature of which is not known to give up and hostile to all that exists outside it, but show tolerance, patience extensive liver in various societies, demanding the reluctance of other groups, and their generosity in a time of darkness.
In the year 660 AD capital of the Arab kingdom moved to Damascus, the seat of the new Umayyad caliph. While Medina remains a center of Islamic studies; government and public life of the kingdom is influenced by the customs of Byzantine Greek. The first level of mutual influence upon the older civilizations are not only represented by two monuments, the beautiful from the time of Bani Umayahh is Grand Mosque in Damascus, and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Darussalam, but the sudden appearance means streams new and opposite opinion with heresy in the "new provinces." the end result of such growth is split between religious institutions and secular in the Islamic community. Cleavage is damaging the principle worldly Umayyads, and coupled with a sense of dissatisfaction with non-Arab citizens, and civil war broke out among the tribes, Arabs, led to the fall of the year 750 AD
In the meantime, the dispute was explained that in the past century since the death of Muhammad. Islamic culture has undergone development and consolidation of outstanding, good, inside and outside Arabia. A teacher of religion on the one hand shows the development of psychotherapy at the highest level. He expressed the essential essence and turn it with his personality and convictions that appear on the believers as a revelation of new truth ..
That is the fundamental contribution that determines the Arabs against the new Islamic culture. Against their endorsement of material civilization bit. Progress of new material started; brilliantly after replacing the Umayyad Abbasid caliphate, and established a new capital in Baghdad in the year 762 AD The first period of the conquest of territory outside Arabia has past, followed by a period of expanding into. Ninth and tenth centuries AD witnessed the peak of Islamic civilization advances broad and successful efforts. Crafts, trades, arts buildings, and some of the less important the arts, developing a lush Persian, Mesopotamian, Syrian, and Egyptian, provides support their efforts simultaneously.
New activities this growing intellectual life. Moderate religious sciences develop in some of the biggest new center Samarqand to North Africa and Spain, literature and thought by using the resources of Greece, Persia, and India, widened to a new department, often free from the Islamic tradition and more or less rebelled against pettiness and opportunities antiquated system. With the encouragement of the expansion of the natural horizon, intelligent thoughts, worldly and spiritual, with great mutual influence.
It is difficult to state briefly the intellectual efforts of a variety of the era. "Islamic science" that other languages ​​such as history and science, widened to include profane history and literature. Medical science and mathematics Greece provided in library books translated and developed by Persian and Arab scholars, specialized science Algebra, geometry triangles, and the science of optics (vision). Earth sciences-perhaps be likened to the most accurate barometer of culture-developed in all branches, in politics, organic, mathematical, astronomical, natural sciences, and cruise, extends so far as to include countries and distant civilization lies his residence.
The new science, so to speak only about the tassels, fringe religious culture, introduction logic and philosophy of Greece, will inevitably grow sharp disagreement and bitter. This dispute culminated in the third century. Islamic leaders look at the basics of spirituality jeopardized by refusal subtle and astute understanding of pure rationalism. Although they were eventually defeated lessons influential Greek philosophy has always remained to be suspect in the eyes of the teachers, even though the science was only studied as a means of arguments and discussions. More dangerous is the result of the growth in victories among religious scholars, a sort of jealousy towards the intellectual effort is patterned purely worldly or who ventured out of their supervision.
In addition to the intellectual virtues and function in subjects, Shari'a is the influence of the most extensive and the most appropriate form of social order and people's lives for the nations of Islam. Because complete, the Shari'a is not constantly putting pressure on all the personal and social activities and the realization of a standard-size to be adhered to for longer, although there are hurdles ancient habits and customs that have been enacted long. Special nomads and tribes who lived in the mountains, the opposite. Additionally, Shariah gives practical expression in the fight for unity that characterize Islam. The law was in all important subjects is uniform, although various schools differ in some small article. This growth is due to the social ideals and way of life throughout the Islamic world of the Middle Ages in the same direction. Sharia is more deeply affect the lives of Roman law, for having religious basis and the threat of divine punishment, the Shari'a is a regulator of spiritual conscience of Muslims in all aspects and activities of life.
Task Shari'a law is getting bigger means the time of the Islamic world's political life longer wishes to deviate from Muhammad. and he substitutes the rule of the divine. Collapse of the Abbasid caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries AD opens the door not only for political destruction, but also for the seizure of power by the royal princes and local military governor, rising and sinking of the kingdoms of the short-lived, and aglow civil war. No matter how political and military power of the Islamic empire had been weakened, moral prestige over Shari'a law be upheld and confirmed mengutuhkan and social form of Islam throughout the ups and downs of the political fortunes of Islam.
At the end of the tenth century AD, Islamic regions slightly wider than in the year 750. Since created a great civilization, culminating intellectual life, rich and smart in economics, firmly united by a respected Shari'a; wholly embodies the spiritual and temporal power of Islam. When military force is reduced, then as well. the case with the previous six centuries Byzantine empire, the Islamic empire was gradually occupied by savage nations from outside its borders, and also like the Byzantine empire, had savages wear on religion, law, and respect for civilization.
The nations of savages is Turkey who came from Central Asia. Pressure to the West brought the Bulgars, Magiar, Kumari, Pecineg to southern Russia and Eastern Europe, bring other tribes into Iran and further to the west, to Iraq, and Anatolia. Pengislaman job has been done, when they are silent on the place of origin in Central Asia, therefore, Sultan of Turkey who founded the kingdom in Western Asia at first only a few changes that seem to bring out the domestic life of Muslims. The first result is the expansion of the military; Southeast direction towards North India, the northwesterly direction toward Asia Minor. At the same time, far to the west, nomadic Berber tribes have brought Islam to the edge of the world in the African Negro valley Senegal and Niger were Arab nomads books are no longer controlled by the power of the previous caliphs had damage and neglect civilization centers has been established by his own people in the rubble before African Roman and Byzantine ruins.
. Starting eleventh century AD, the science of devotional Sufi deployed mostly Muslim spiritual activities, and establish a source of renewal energy personality capable of maintaining mysticism during subsequent centuries full of political and economic decline.
Sufi scholars, both as individuals and broadcaster (in the future) as a member of the joint institute is a leader in the task Islamize the idolaters, who are not religious, and tribal thin only once pengislamannya. The spread of religion was most successful by his own countrymen of these tribes are usually awkward, illiterate, and rude. It was they who laid the foundations that allow the generation then accept Sharia law and the unity of civilization more subtle. Thanks to their work, then in the following centuries, the Islamic region boundaries can be expanded in Africa, India, and Indonesia, lie across Central Asia into Turkestan and China, and in parts of South East Europe
.
Developments described in advance was accelerated by the successive plagues occurred in West Asia in the thirteenth century and fourteenth. The first raid of the pagan Mongols, burned parts of the provinces of the Northeast between 1220 and 1225 AD The second wave of the occupied Persia and Iraq completed a historic Baghdad caliphate in 1258 AD, and the entire Islamic world to impose the East, with the exception of Egypt, Arabia, and the Syrian, paid tribute to the great Mongol empire. Remains rescued by the military consisting of "serf" Turkey and Kipcak, the Mamluks, who had seized political power in Egypt.
Under the reign of the Mamluks, the old Islamic civilization developed more or less two straight half-century in the field of art objects (in the special field of art and art-crafts building metal), but with spiritual power and intellectual deterioration.
At the same time, in areas of Mongol rule back to life a brilliant Persian Islamic civilization in some respects. Especially in the art of building and fine arts, including painting in the form of very small (miniature); culture is rooted in Sufi spirituality. Despite the arrival of two times the "Black Death" and experience the rush of Tamerlane in the fourteenth century Persian pulverize, yet able to provide a variety of Persian culture to the intellectual life of the Islamic kingdoms new-born on both sides-in Anatolia, the Balkans, and India.
Expansion of the royal dynasty of Osman in Asia and North Africa as well as the establishment of the Mughal empire in India in the sixteenth century brought most of the Muslim world down state government oversight worldly strong, focused his great power. Characteristic of both kingdoms had was focused on the views of experts waljamaah Sunnah and Shariah law. Constitutional affairs and religious affairs are not united because of military and civilian policy ordered by the line that Islam is not free, but are able to sustain due to an agreement that lasted until the nineteenth century.
Between the two lines the Islamic religious life, Sufilah channel wider and deeper. Seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century witnessed the highest peak of Sufi orders. Large congregations spread a tangle of associations from the beginning to the end of the Islamic world, while local associations and branches combine the various classes and vocational training so people who come together. In addition, the Islamic culture in the two kingdoms that live only on heritage days ago, can keep, but rarely can increase the wealth of intellectual heritage. The characters found first duty is not only expanding, but maintain, integrate, and customize the social life of joints Islamic values. Within the limits of the level they have achieved unity and social order which can take place does attract attention.
Unity is a salient exception. In the beginning of the sixteenth century, a new empire backed by Turkey and Adzerbaijan tribes conquered Persia and revive the Shia who have suffered a setback, and inaugurated the Shiites as the official religion of Persia. During the war with the Osman Dynasty, the Turks of Central Asia, and the Mughals, who are all experts waljamaah sunna, characteristics used Shiite Persian national feeling. As a result of the split between Persia and its neighbors is important for everyone. Muslims are further broken down into two separate groups, and cultural ties between the two groups before, since it although not entirely just decided to do a little round. Forced Persia isolated in politics and religion is self-sufficient, which ultimately impoverish the spiritual life and their culture. Much more time is also political forces retreated, the Afghan tribes in the eighteenth century and established a relationship release sunna independent state.
In South West Africa the tribal feeling between the two parties, the Arabs and Berbers, exchange cultural activities. Flow orthodox and Sufi orders, both influenced veneration of saints, the surviving trustee of local ("Marabout"). In Tunisia and in several other cities, some Spanish Arabic cultural heritage continue, even as Tunisia and Algeria is pirate territory, semi-colonial empire Osman dynasty. In Morocco under the sultans (which could save their sovereignty to 1912), even in the Western Sahara under the head of the tribes of the smaller, common lessons sunna expert continued, and reinforced by the influence coming from the East.
In the Malay Archipelago itself, have become the foundation of Islam in Sumatra and Java, by merchants in the thirteenth century and fourteenth. Religion Islam gradually multiply, most of the action military commander, but faster with the permeation of peace, especially in Java. Of Sumatra, Islam brought by immigrants to the Malay Peninsula; well from Java to the Moluccas. Since then religion gets stronger position throughout the islands in the East to the island of Sulu, Mindanao, Philippines.
The spread of Islam in China is still shrouded in darkness. Muslim groups in rather large amounts, which first settled there-perhaps in an age-Mongol empire in the thirteenth century and fourteenth. The numbers grow under Mancu government, notwithstanding the local hostility by rebellion (sometimes severe) committed by Muslims. However, until now not possible menaksirkan number.
The net result of the expansion over the past three centuries is that Islam is a religion that is mainly present in the vast region that includes North Africa, West Asia, up the hill Pamir, and then eastwards to include Central Asia
China, and to the south into Pakistan. In India, only a tenth of the population is Muslim. In the Malay Peninsula, Islam ahead again through Indonesia to end up in the Philippines. On the western coast of the Indian Ocean, Islam extends to the south as a narrow strip of the coast of Africa to Zanzibar and Tanganyika with several groups to enter the Union of South Africa. In Europe, there are groups of Muslims in the Balkans and most of southern Russia. In North America and South America, Islam is represented by a group of immigrants from the Middle East.
All the major religions of the world, before the expansion of Islam-Christian missionary activity in the nineteenth century-including the largest number of people. Origins in the middle of Arabs and other Semitic peoples, and Islam evolved among Iran, the Caucasus, the Mediterranean whites, Slavs, Turks, Tartars, Chinese, India, Indonesia, Bantu and Negroes from West Africa. The largest number of Muslims today is Pakistan and India as much as 100,000,000.
Followed by Malays and Indonesia as much as 70 million. The Arabs and the peoples who speak Arabic followed close to 20,000,000. Muslims in the West Asia, 24 million, Afghanistan roughly 12 million, and Turkey (although Islam is not the official religion, it still remains a popular religion) 20,000,000. The number of Islamic societies in Asia, the Soviet Union, in Chinese Turkestan, and China itself is difficult to be assessed, but there were at least 30,000,000. The number of Muslims in the African Negro and East Africa can only be estimated roughly 24 million. Finally, the Muslims in the Balkans and Southern Russia amounted to approximately 3,000,000. Therefore, Islam has adherents can demand 350 million, or roughly one-seventh of the total estimated population of the world
Islam in the United States Every Day Goes One new convert
"Thank God, the condition of Muslims in the United States fine. Muslims continue to multiply in the United States, both before and before the events of 11 September, "said Mohammad Kudaimi, members Nawawi Foundation, an educational organization based in Chicago, USA. He told the AP on the sidelines of a visit to a special boarding school Orphans As-Syafi'iyah, Jatiwaringin Bekasi, West Java, earlier this month.
Male Syrian descent who has lived in the U.S. for more than 25 years it has become a U.S. citizen. Five years later, he was active in the foundation. Citing a newspaper published in the United States, he called Islam is the fastest growing religion in the United States. in fact, he had little to rectify the editorial writing. "It should also be added, every day in the U.S., there is always an American citizen who converted to Islam," he said.
What is expressed, he said, is the fact that actually happened in the U.S.. Institution helped the converts pledged creed and help them understand Islam better. For Kudaimi, it is difficult to understand this contradictory phenomenon.